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Turkey-tail - Trametes versicolor

• Family: Polyporaceae

Trametes versicolor has the distinction of being the mushroom from which one of the world's leading anticancer drugs, Krestin, is derived. Although Krestin has not been approved for use by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), it was the best-selling anticancer drug in Japan for much of the 1980s. Krestin was the first mushroom-derived anticancer drug to be approved by the Japanese government’s Health and Welfare Ministry, the equivalent of the FDA. All health-care plans in Japan cover members’ purchases of Krestin. The Latin etymology of Trametes versicolor is as follows: Trametes means “one who is thin” and versicolor means "variously colored."”[HealingMushrooms]

Synonyms
Coriolus versicolor (L.: Fr.) Quel. Polyporus versicolor L.: Fr. ^[E-flora] "It should be noted that Japanese and Chinese scientists still prefer to use the Coriolus generic name instead of Trametes." ^[MMCT]

"Trametes (Coriolus) versicolor (Plate 10a), colloquially called ‘turkey tail’, is a common saprotroph on various hardwood stumps and logs, causing white-rot. Both the mycelium and the fruit bodies are tolerant of desiccation. The annual fruit bodies have a zoned, multicoloured, velvety upper surface which readily absorbs rain." ^{[IntrotoFun3]}

Summary: Trametes versicolor forms thin leathery bracket-like or shelf-like clustered caps that are strongly zoned with narrow concentric bands of contrasting colors, hairy zones usually alternating with silky-smooth ones. It is very common on hardwood logs, stumps and branches. It is found in BC, WA, OR, ID, and also AB, MB, NB, NF, NS, ON, PE, PQ, SK, YT, AK, AL, AR, AZ, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, IA, IL, IN, KS, KY, LA, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, MS, MT, NC, ND, NE, NH, NJ, NM, NY, OH, OK, PA, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VA, VT, WI, WV, and WY, (Gilbertson) ^[E-flora]

Cap: 2-7(10)cm broad, shelf-like or bracket-like, tongue-shaped becoming fan-shaped, or growing in circular rosettes, "thin and leathery when fresh, rigid or slightly flexible when dry", flat or wavy; color "variable: a mixture of white, gray, brown, yellowish-buff, bluish, reddish, or black (or even greenish from a coating of algae), or sometimes dark brown with a white margin"; dry, velvety or silky, strongly zoned with narrow concentric bands of contrasting colors, hairy zones usually alternating with silky-smooth ones; "margin often wavy and white or creamy when actively growing", (Arora), bracket-like or bent outward to form shelf-like cap from pore surface growing flat on wood, dimidiate [roughly semicircular]; very variable in color, "with sharply contrasted concentric zones of various shades of brown, buff, reddish-brown or bluish colors"; hirsute [hairy] to tomentose, (Gilbertson) ^[E-flora]

Flesh: 0.1-0.2cm thick, tough; white, (Arora), up to 0.5cm thick, "tough-fibrous, with a thin black layer below the surface tomentum"; cream-colored, (Gilbertson) ^[E-flora] "Trametes versicolor (many-colored polypore) is an extremely variable species." ^{[EPMW Hall]} "...leathery, broadly attached in overlaping clusters..." ^{[MOFMUS Huffman]}

Pores: 3-5 per mm, white to dingy yellowish; tube layer up to 0.2cm thick, (Arora),4-5 per mm, angular to circular, thick-walled; cream to cinereous; tube layer up to 0.3cm thick, colored as flesh and continuous with it, (Gilbertson) ^[E-flora]
Stem: absent or rudimentary (Arora)^[E-flora] "fruiting body attached laterally" ^{[MOFMUS Huffman]}
Odor: not distinctive (Phillips)^[E-flora]
Taste: not distinctive (Phillips)^[E-flora]
Spore Deposit: white or yellowish (Arora)^[E-flora]

Comments Though fruiting during the fall and winter months, shelves of the colorful turkey tail can be found almost any month of the year. Trametes versicolor is sometimes confused with unrelated leathery shelf fungi. Species of Stereum have orange-brown zoned caps but can be distinguished by their smooth hymenial surface. Lenzites, Daedalea, Daedaleopsis, and Gloeophyllum all have a multicolored, zonate upper surfaces, but their hymeniums are variously composed of irregular, mazelike, or elongated gill-like pores.[Mykoweb]

Habitat/Range typically "in groups, rows, tiers, shelving masses, or overlapping clusters on logs, stumps, and fallen branches of dead hardwoods", "sometimes also on wounds in living trees and rarely on conifers", (Arora), annual, often in large imbricate [shingled] clusters on dead wood of numerous genera of hardwoods, associated with a white rot of dead hardwoods, (Gilbertson), fruiting from late spring to fall (Miller), may be seen year round (Buczacki)[E-flora]Typically in rows or overlapping shelves on stumps and logs of hardwoods, from fall to spring.[Mykoweb]

"Dense overlapping clusters on hardwood. May to December, but may survive for years."^{[FGWMP Russell]}

Trametes versicolor is one of the most common mushrooms in North American woods, found virtually anywhere there are dead hardwood logs and stumps to decompose--and, occasionally, on conifer wood too. Its cap colors are extremely variable, but tend to stay in the buff, brown, cinnamon, and reddish brown range. The mushrooms are strikingly "zonate" with sharply contrasting concentric zones of color, and the surface of the cap is finely fuzzy or velvety. Often the zones represent contrasts in texture as well as color, so that fuzzy zones alternate with smoother ones.
A number of similar polypores, and even a few species of crust fungi, look more or less identical to the casual eye, and a whole host of mushrooms are thus lumped together as "turkey tails" by collectors who are more interested in gilled mushrooms and boletes. But if you are one of those folks, like me, who just has to be sure, I offer the Totally True Turkey Tail Test, below.

Totally True Turkey Tail Test
1) Is the pore surface a real pore surface? Like, can you see actual pores?
Yes: Continue.
No: See Stereum ostrea and other crust fungi.

2) Squint real hard. Would you say there are about 1-3 pores per millimeter (which would make them fairly easy to see), or about 3-8 pores per millimeter (which would make them very tiny)?
3-8 per mm: Continue.
1-3 per mm: See several other species of Trametes.

3) Is the cap conspicuously fuzzy, velvety, or finely hairy (use a magnifying glass or rub it with your thumb)?
Yes: Continue.
No: See several other species of Trametes.

4) Is the fresh cap whitish to grayish?
Yes: See Trametes hirsuta.
No: Continue.

5) Does the cap lack starkly contrasting color zones (are the zones merely textural, or do they represent subtle shades of the same color)?
Yes: See Trametes pubescens.
No: Continue.

6) Is the fresh mushroom rigid and hard, or thin and flexible?
Rigid and hard: See Trametes ochracea.
Thin and flexible: Totally True Turkey Tail.[ME.com]

Edibility

• no (Phillips) ^[E-flora] Edible and healthful, but too tough to eat.[FGWMP Russell] "Mushroomers in the know use the tough caps as a pleasant mushroom-flavored chewing gum while walking in the woods. They also boil them to make a healthful tea or broth for soup... Edible and healthful, but too tough to eat." ^{[FGWMP Russell]}
  

Other Uses

• "Turkey tails dry easily and are great to use in craftwork, such as jewelry making." ^{[FGWMP Russell]}
• Commercial Papermaking: "The potential of white-rot fungi, such as Trametes versicolor, for bleaching and delignifying unprocessed kraft pulp for paper manufacture has generated considerable research interest." [Burns EE]

Medicinal Uses

Immunostimulant; anti-cancer (lung, stomach, esophagus); lowers LDL (“bad”) cholesterol; antiviral (HIV, cytomegalovirus); controls septic shock.^{[HealingMushrooms]} Antibiotics have been isolated from the fruiting bodies of a number of polypores (Quack et al. 1978), and examples such as Trametes versicolor (many-colored polypore) and Wolfiporia cocos contain polysaccharides and steroids reported to have antitumor properties.[EPMW Hall]
For thousands of years, Asian herbalists have used turkey tail mushrooms in their healing work. In China it has been called yun zhi; in Japan, karawatake. It was one of the fist fungi to provide a modern drug for treating cancer. Mushroomers in the know use the tough caps as a pleasant mushroom-flavored chewing gum while walking in the woods. Thy also boil them to make a healthful tea or broth for soup.[FGWMP Russell]
Trametes versicolor is sometimes prescribed for chronic active hepatitis and hepatitis B. ^{[HealingMushrooms]}
In traditional Chinese medicine, Trametes versicolor is used to treat lung infections, excess phlegm, and hepatitis. The ancient Taoists revered the mushroom because it grows on pine trees. Because pines are evergreens, Taoist priests assumed that the mushroom had the staying power of the pine tree, which never loses its foliage. Taoists believed that Trametes versicolor collects yang energy from the roots of the pine tree, and they prescribed it for patients whose yang energy was deficient.^{[HealingMushrooms]}

• Cancer: Even the ubiquitous polypore, Trametes versicolor (“Turkey Tail”) is a source of “ PSK,” another substance with anti-cancer potential (Hobbs, 1995). ^[Fun&Sust] "TCM [traditional chinese medicine] used the extracts that were derived from whole fruit-bodies." ^{[Smith, 2002]} Immunomodulator [BMWH] "A glycoprotein extract dubbed PSK derived from Trametes versicolor (cloud mushroom, yun zhi), formerly named Coriolus versicolor, has been studied in patients with SLE and shown to improve symptoms.1 This medicinal mushroom has long been valued in traditional Asian medical systems for syndromes that, in the West, we would call cancer and autoimmune diseases. No other studies were located following- up on the promising preliminary trial. Largescale trials of PSK and related extracts in patients with cancer show they are very safe.2 The usual dose in these trials has been 1–3 g daily." [CBMed] "Trametes versicolor... are among the recent studied mushrooms with astonishing anticancer effect, which is assigned to their polysaccharides" [Saeidnia, NANAD]
• Septic Shock: Septic shock is a complex syndrome mediated by binding of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from gram-negative bacteria to immune cells and the following release of a cascade of inflammatory mediators and reactive oxygen species. Because of the large number of patients with septic shock, a great deal of effort is necessary to develop new therapeutic possibilities. Extracts of the fruiting bodies of Trametes versicolor inhibit in vitro binding of LPS to the receptor and could therefore contain lead structures for drugs against LPS-mediated septic shock.^{[HealingMushrooms]}

The ecology of Trametes versicolor and the dynamics of wood decay Up to the early 1980s, most detailed studies on lignin-degrading enzymes were on the ‘economically important’ fungi discussed above. However, since then the search for ligninolytic systems has been extended to include species of little economic importance but of applied potential because of their rate of growth and high enzymic activity. The most obvious example is Trametes (Coriolus) versicolor, the ligninases of which were first studied by Dodson et al. (1987), which causes white rot decay of broad-leaved tree species in temperate forest ecosystems. This fungus has been widely used in bioremediation programmes and characterization of its ligninases is now well understood, providing information that can be related to its ecophysiology in the natural environment. A good example is the regulatorye effect of nitrogenon ligninolyticenzyme expression, a reflection of the inductive effect of low nitrogen levels (C:N 200:1 to 1000:1) found in wood (Swift 1982; Leatham & Kirk, 1983).[FIB]

Early phases of expansion are by a rapidly extending mycelium, which utilizes free sugars in the wood of the tree. Entry into broken or cut ends of the wood from the spore rain means that an individual mycelium is usually restricted to an elongated form because of the faster rates of expansion of mycelia along vessels and tracheids. Following this resource capture, contact between mycelia of genetically distinct individuals of T. versicolor, and with mycelia of other species of wood-rotting fungi,results in combative behaviour. T. versicolor is typical of early colonizers of wood, an assemblage of fungi characterized by Cooke & Rayner (1984) as disturbance tolerant, with a combative mycelial strategy and active lignocellulose exploitation. [FIB]

"black rot cankers on apples in northeastern United States occur primarily on limbs where xyleminhabiting basidiomycetes such as Trametes versicolor or Schizophyllum commune have extensively colonized the internal woody cylinder within the limbs." [Baugher TTF]

Ethnomycology

"Trametes versicolor came to the attention of the pharmaceutical industry in 1965 when a chemical engineer working for Kureha Chemical Industry Company Ltd., in Japan, observed his neighbor attempting to cure himself of gastric cancer with a folk remedy. The neighbor was in the late stages of cancer and had been rejected for treatment by hospitals and clinics. For several months, he took the folk remedy, a mushroom, and then, having been cured, he went back to work. The folk remedy was Trametes versicolor." "This compound has been systematically tested against a wide range of human cancers with some considerable success."^{[HealingMushrooms]}

Pharmacology

"Immunostimulant; anti-cancer (lung, stomach, esophagus); lowers LDL (“bad”) cholesterol; antiviral (HIV, cytomegalovirus); controls septic shock." ^{[HealingMushrooms]}

"Collins and Tazi (1997) isolated a polysaccharopeptide (PSP) from Coriolus versicolor which has potential for use against HIV-1 infection. It acts by inhibition of the interaction between HIV-l group 120 and immobilised CD4 receptor (lCso =150 ,ug/ml), recombinant HIV-I reverse transcriptase (lCso = 125 ,ug/ml), and glycohydrolase enzyme associated with viral glycosylation. Such properties, coupled with its high solubility in water, heat stability and low cytotoxicity, make it a useful compound for controlling HIV infections." ^{[Singh FEFB]}

Nutritional

Calories - 369 Protein g/100 g - 10.97 Fat g/100 g - 1.51 Polyunsaturated fat g/100 g - 0.27 Total unsaturated fat g/100 g - 0.32 Saturated fat a g/100 g - 0.06 Carbohydrateg/100 g - 77.96 Complex carbohydrates g/100 g - 76.06 Sugars g/100 g - 1.90 Dietary fiber g/100 g - 71.30 ^{[Stamets,2005]}

Mycochemicals

Polysaccharide-K [PSK](1-3 beta-glucan); polysaccharidepeptide. ^{[HealingMushrooms]} "The protein-bound polysaccharides PSK [Krestin] and PSP... from Trametes versicolor (L.: Fr.) Pila ´t [syn. Coriolus versicolor (L.: Fr.) Quelet] were also found to have an antiviral effect on HIV and cytomegalovirus in vitro (30)." ^{[Lindequist, 2005]}

Mycoremediation

• "Lyr (1963), using the white rot Trametes versicolor, provided one of the earliest substantiated reports describing the fungal degradation of chlorinated phenols." [FIB]
• "Schreiner et al. (2009) observed that two white rot basidiomycete fungi (Phlebia tremellosa and Trametes versicolor) metabolized and degraded C60-fullerol (hydroxyl-functionalized). These fungi produce oxidative enzymes, such as lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase and laccases (Durán et al. 2000, 2002) that normally act against lignin as well as polycyclic aromatic compounds (Marques-Rocha et al. 2000; Gibson et al. 2005; Chen et al. 2012). Both species after 32 weeks could bleach fullerol as well as oxidize a small portion to CO2, and incorporate it into fungal biomass (Schreiner et al. 2009)." [Alvarez BLA]
• T. versicolor and several other species "biosorb metals and radionuclides (Bishnoi and Garima 2005)." [Dhir PRAPECU]
• T. versicolor biodegraded TNT at a rate of 22.7 mg/l [SoilBio-1]
• Heavy Metals
  • The biomass of T. versicolor had a biosorption uptake of cadmium of 0.141 - 0.165 (mmol/g) while operating at a temperature of 25C and a pH of 5.5 [DHM, Chen]
• PCBs
  • "White-rot fungi (e.g., Pleurotus ostreatus and Trametes versicolor) in a solid-state system (Zeddel et al., 1993) have been shown able to degrade PCBs." [Mycorem Singh]
• Pulp Effluent
  • "As an alternative to white water treatment in a membrane bioreactor... the concept of enzymatic treatment of concentrated mechanical pulping/newsprint mill process waters.... a portion of the circulating white water is cooled and introduced to a bioreactor in which the fungus Trametes versicolor is grown on the dissolved and colloidal substances (DCS) present in the white water (Zhang et al. 2002). The enzymes produced and released by the fungus lead to extensive degradation of the original DCS components. The effluent from the bioreactor would then be filtered and the filtrate, containing the fungal enzymes, would be reintroduced into the white water system. Degradation of DCS components would then proceed in the circulating white water system itself. The degraded DCS components were found to have little or no impact on paper properties, in contrast to the undegraded DCS components that are present in untreated white water (Zhang et al. 2000)." [Burton TSMBF]
• PAH
  • "T. versicolor has been used in biodegradation studies because of its strong extracellular laccase production; the laccase of T. versicolor oxidizes most of the 16 PAHs listed by the US EPA as priority pollutant chemicals. PAH oxidation by laccase from this and other species is enhanced by the addition of mediator compounds.... The role of natural mediators, including phenols and aromatic amines, in the degradation of PAHs by laccase is now beginning to be unveiled (Johannes & Majcherczyk, 2000)."[FIB]
  • "The above studies indicate that T. versicolor has both intracellular and extracellular enzymes that are important in the degradation of PAHs. The capability of laccase and natural mediator systems to degrade PAHs in vitro may have applications in the detoxification of these environmentally persistent pollutants." [FIB]
  • "Mediators also allow the oxidation of PAHs by laccases. Collins and colleagues (176) provided evidence that laccase from Trametes versicolor was able to oxidize anthracene and benzo(a)pyrene, and ABTS showed a significant stimulatory effect when added to the reaction mixture. In further studies conducted with 14 different PAHs of environmental relevance, Majcherczyk et al. (178) demonstrated that both ABTS and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT) increased oxidation of almost all the PAHs to their complete removal from the reaction mixture." [Burns EE]
  • "Crude preparations of laccase isolated from the white rot fungus Trametes versicolor oxidize 3,4-benzopyrene, anthracene, chrysene, phenanthrene, acenaphthene and other PAHs (Collins and Dobson 1997; Johannes and Majcherczyk 2000). The intensity of the oxidation of these environmental pollutants increases in the presence of such mediators as: phenol, aniline, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, which are substrates of laccase. The rate of PAH oxidation increases proportionally to the redox potential of the mediators in the range Eh<0.9 V. The rate decreases with redox potential in the range Eh>0.9 V (Johannes and Majcherczyk 2000). The natural substrates of laccase, methionine and cysteine, reduced glutathione, and others also stimulate the oxidation of xenobiotics. These data indicate that in the cases of laccase and o-diphenoloxidase, the oxidation of hydrocarbons is carried out by a co-oxidation mechanism (Ugrekhelidze 1976; Ugrekhelidze et al. 1997; Ugrekhelidze and Durmishidze 1984)." [Ozturk PPT]
• Dyes
  • "Swamy and Ramsay (1999a,b) studied conditions, which promote azo dye degradation by Trametes versicolor, Bjerkundera adusta and Phanerochaete chrysosporium sequentially in batch reactors. Only T. versicolor proved to be able to maintain its ability to cause decolorization of water following repeated addition of the several dyes and dye mixtures." ^{[Arora FBAF]}
  • "Wang and Yu (1998) studied the ability of T. versicolor to decolorize water containing an anthroquinone dye, an indigo dye, and the azo dye Acid Violet 7. All of the dyes were degraded. These investigators also showed that adsorption to mycelium followed by dye degradation occurred. Adsorption was rapid and occurred with living mycelium and with heat killed controls. With live fungi, mycelium was regenerated by physical desorption and enzymatic degradation." ^{[Arora FBAF]}
  • "Borchert and Libra (2001) have used T. versicolor in 4-L sequencing batch stirred tank reactors to decolorize water containing the azo dyes Reactive Black 5 and Reactive Red 198 and the anthroquinone dye Brilliant Blue R. Reactors were cycled repeatedly over the course of the experiments. During long-term (200 days) experiments under sterile conditions, 18 dye additions occurred. In each case substantial color removal occurred. When the initial concentration of dye was 100 mg/L, 97–99.5% decolorization occurred. When the initial concentration was 500 mg/L, 91–99% decolorization occurred. When similar experiments were performed under nonsterile conditions, only 5 decolorization cycles (during a 55-day experiment) were possible due to bacterial contamination, which appeared to interfere with peroxidase activity, resulting in decreased decolorization. Biodegradation of Acid Violet 7 was also studied in liquid batch cultures and in a fluidized bed reactor (Zhang and Yu 2000). In both cases, the ability of mycelial pellets to degrade this dye was studied. An interesting aspect of this research was that added activated charcoal had a positive effect on biodegradation. It was shown that fungal mycelium surrounded a core of activated charcoal to form complex pellets. These complex pellets appeared to enhance biodegradation by adsorbing both the dye and fungal enzymes responsible for biodegradation. Furthermore, decolorization by the complex pellets was superior to that observed for fungal pellets without activated charcoal, for fungal pellets to which activated charcoal was added (after pellet formation) and to activated charcoal alone. It was also shown that reactors operated in repeated-batch-fed mode resulted in greater and more efficient decolorization than reactors operated in a continuous flow mode. In one experiment a repeated-batch-fed reactor was able to decolorize 9 additions of dye over a period of 130 h. Batch-fed additions of dye ranged from 100 to 500 mg/L." ^{[Arora FBAF]}

Fungal Relationsips

Related Sp.

• "Walder (1995) reported the strong antiHIV-1 activity of aqueous extracts from ...and Trametes cubensis." ^[FEFB]
• "The hairy turkey tail, Coriolus hirsutis, is slightly thicker, hairy, and has only grayish and yellowish to brownish color bands. The false turkey tail, Stereum ostrea, does not show distinct pores under the cap through a magnifying glass. Hirschioporus pergamenus, the violet-pored turkey tail, grows on conifer wood, is less dramatically colored than turkey tail, and has violet-tinted pores. All of these are probably edible, though tough, and may have healthful properties like the turkey tail." ^{[FGWMP Russell]}
• "Two similar common species are Trametes hirsuta, which is nearly unicolored grayish to yellowish to brownish, with darker marginal zones and a slightly thicker context, 1 – 6 mm thick; and T. pubescens, which is unicolor buff to off-white, with no contrasting zones." ^{[MOFMUS Huffman]}
• Trametes hirsuta - "The flesh is relatively thick, tough and corky, and has a duplex structure—an upper, gray, soft fibrous layer separated from a lower whitish layer by a thin black line." ^{[Trudell MPNW]}
  • Remediation: "Trametes hirsuta was shown to effectively decolorize the azo dyes Reactive Black 5 and Direct Blue 71 as well as representative triphenylmethane, indigoid, and anthraquinone dyes (Abadulla et al. 2000). All of the dyes were decolorized by the laccase isolated from T. hirsuta. This research is important as it addressed the issue of recycling dyecontaminated water. Water decolorized using the intact fungus or laccase in solution was not suitable for reuse in dyeing operations due, presumably, to interference by soluble protein. However, when a reactor containing immobilized laccase was used, the recycled decolorized wastewater was suitable for dyeing operations as the laccase was retained in the bioreactor." ^{[Arora FBAF]}
• "Trametes pubescens has a tomentose, cream to buff, un-zoned cap, and the flesh is not duplex." ^{[Trudell MPNW]}

References

[E-flora] http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Trametes%20versicolor&redblue=Both&lifeform=14, Accessed March 29, 2015
[2] Personal Observation and notes.
[Me.com] Accessed March 29, 2015

• http://www.mushroomexpert.com/trametes_versicolor.html

[Mykoweb] Accessed March 29, 2015

• http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/species/Trametes_versicolor.html

Journals of Interest

• Archibald, F. S. (1992). Lignin peroxidase activity is not important in biological bleaching and delignification of unbleached Kraft pulp by Trametes versicolor. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 58, 3101–3109
• Arica, M. Y., Kacar, Y., and Genc, O. Entrapment of white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor in Ca-alginate beads: Preparation and biosorption kinetic analysis for cadmium removal from an aqueous solution. Bioresour. Technol., 80(2), 121–129, 2001.
• Arriagada C, Aranda E, Sampedro I, Garcia-Romera I, Ocampo JA (2009) Interactions of Trametes versicolor, Coriolopsis rigida and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus deserticola on the copper tolerance of Eucalyptus globulus. Chemosphere 77:273–278
• Bayramoglu, G., Bektas, S. and Arica, M.Y. (2003). Biosorption of heavy metals on immobilized white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor. J. Hazard. Mater B., 101: 285-300.
• Bayramoglu G, Arica MY (2007) Biosorption of benzidine based textile dyes “Direct Blue 1 and Direct Red 128” using native and heattreated biomass of Trametes versicolor. J Hazard Mater
  143:135–143
  
• Benito, G. G., Miranda, M. P. & Rodriguez de los Santos, D. (1997). Decolorization of wastewater from an alcoholic fermentation process with Trametes versicolor. Bioresource Technology, 61, 33–37.
• Bergbauer M, Eggert C, and Kraepelin G (1991). Degradation of chlorinated lignin compounds in a bleach plant effluent by the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 35:105–109.
• Canfora L, Iamarino G, Rao MA, Gianfreda L (2008) Oxidative transformation of natural and synthetic phenolic mixtures by Trametes versicolor laccase. J Agric Food Chem 56:1398–1407
• Collins PJ and Dobson ADW (1996). Oxidation of fluorene and phenanthrene by Mn(II) dependent peroxidase activity in whole cultures of Trametes (Coriolus) versicolor. Biotechnol Lett 18:801–804.
• Collins PJ, Kotterman MJJ, Field JA, and Dobson ADW (1996). Oxidation of anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene by laccases from Trametes versicolor. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:4563–4567.
• Han MJ, Choi HT, Song HGJ (2004) Degradation of phenanthrene by Trametes versicolor and its laccase. Microbiology 42:94–8
• Hundt, K; Jonas, U; Hammer, E and Schauer, F (1999), Transformation of diphenyl ethers by Trametes versicolor and characterization of ring cleavage products. Biodegradation 10: 279-286
• Levin, L., Jordan, A., Forchiassin, F., and Viale, A. (2001) Degradation of anthraquinone blue by Trametes trogii. Rev. Argent Microbiol. 33, 223–228.
  
• Majcherczyk A, Johannes C, and Huttermann A (1998). Oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) by laccase of Trametes versicolor. Enzyme Microb Technol 22:335–341.
• Minussi RC, Miranda MA, Silva JA et al (2007) Purification, characterization and application of laccase from Trametes versicolor for color and phenolic removal of olive mill wastewater in the presence of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole. Afric J Biotechnol 6:1248–1254
• Ryan D, Leukes W, Burton S (2007) Improving the bioremediation of phenolic wastewaters by Trametes versicolor. Biores Technol 98:579–587
• Standish, L. J., Wenner, C. A., Sweet, E. S., et al. (2008). Trametes versicolor mushroom immune therapy in breast cancer. Journal of the Society for Integrative Oncology, 6, 122–128.
• Wang Y and Yu J (1998). Adsorption and degradation of synthetic dyes on the mycelium of Trametes versicolor. Water Sci Technol 38:233–238.